Salary packaging and Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Salary packaging and Taxation - Essay Example Fringe benefits tax will apply to both Chris and his employer for this agreement during the FBT year that begins in 1st April 2011 up to 31st March 2012. Superannuation is money put in for a person's retirement. Strict government policy prevent untimely access to conserved benefits except in extremely limited and constrained circumstances, as well as severe financial adversity or on a compassionate basis, such as for medical cure not obtainable through Medicare. Usually, superannuation benefits are in three categories: conserved benefits; restricted non-conserved benefits; and unhindered non-preserved benefits. Mainly superannuation is concessionary taxed at a level charge of 15% at two key points: on contributions, and on salary. Capital Gain Tax inside the fund though is taxed at a charge of 10% if the properties held for longer than twelve months. Contributions whether in the type of employer superannuation, or associate salary sacrifice are levied at this rate. In the majority of the industry funds, the salary tax is paid prior to profits are disbursed to associates so it appears as a lesser level of interest on the worker’s statement. From the time when it was introduced, employers have been obligated to make compulsory contributions to superannuation in place of the majority of their workers. ... Superannuation contributions made by Chris are not treated as fringe benefits but as employer contributions. The initial contribution that Chris was making was $17,000. He however, decided to increase it by $15,000. This contribution has to meet three conditions, which are; it must be an arrangement before service there should be an agreement between West Gate Pty Ltd and Chris and Chris should not have an access to the sacrificed salary (Marsden, 2010). According to the Australian tax office ruling, the superannuation contributions are taxed in the superannuation funds such as 15% (Australian National Audit Office, 1999). West Gate Pty Ltd will therefore, pay the following amount in tax for contribution: 15/100 x $32,000 = $ 4,800 Chris has salary packaged other items apart from the superannuation contributions. The first item is a laptop that one of his children requires for school. It is worth $3,300. This is a fringe benefit for Chris. According to the Australian tax office rulin g S23, the tax is levied at 46.5% for the FBT year ending 31st March. West Gate Pty limited will pay the following amount for the benefit; 46.5% x $3,300 = $1,534.50 Under this, the income test will take into account the fringe benefit received. This fringe benefit is not included in the employee’s assessable income. The employer will be giving a benefit directly to a relative of the employee. Anything is accomplished by the employer in any agreement, arrangement or transaction so as to award any benefit upon any individual other than the member of staff, whether directly or obliquely. The benefit would have been taxed if it had been contracted to the employee. The next item that Chris has packaged is a new car. A taxable benefit is be

“Praying with Larry Podder” Allegations Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† Allegations Essay As you are aware of, there are several allegations being brought upon Playing With God’s newest game on the market, â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder.† I would like to address some of these allegations and how they may affect this company’s top selling product. I believe that we some in-depth investigation, and some possible minor changes to our product, this company can minimize and possibly avoid any legal implications. This morning I was served with a lawsuit from Nintendo claiming that â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† violates their exclusive right to market games under the â€Å"Harry Potter† label. Also, Warner Brothers is preparing a lawsuit for copyright infringement. As you may know, the storyline for the game â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† was developed by Larry Bakker, son of corporate board member Jon Bakker. Larry Bakker claims that the storyline is a parody based upon his own life and childhood experiences. I would like to start an in-depth investigation into the possible comparisons between â€Å"Praying With Larry Podder† and â€Å"Harry Potter†. The company lawyers need to sit down with Larry Bakker and question him about his childhood experiences and if the characters and/or storyline in â€Å"Larry Podder† draw any similarities to that of â€Å"Harry Potter†. Also, Larry Bakker needs to be asked if he has received the permission of his Aunt Tammy Faye, a well-known TV Evangelist, to use her likeness as a character in the video game. Finally, it’s very important to talk to the Marketing Department to find out if the â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† logos and market have any parallels with the â€Å"Harry Potter† trademark. In my opinion, if â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† is truly created from the childhood experiences of Larry Bakker, an investigation of the facts of Larry Bakker’s past will disprove any similarities to that of the life of Harry Potter. Jon Bakker, father of Larry Bakker, can authenticate the story of Larry Bakker’s life, and can provide evidence nee ded to backup any of the events of Larry’s life that are depicted in the video game. As long as the characters comparison and video game trademarks are not similar  to â€Å"Harry Potter†, the only concern I have is with the possible misinterpreting of the name â€Å"Larry Podder† and â€Å"Harry Potter†, which may be a marketing strategy by the Marketing Department. The name â€Å"Larry Podder† may be considered a parody of â€Å"Harry Potter†. Since copyright law prohibits the use of a copyrighted material without permission of the copyright owner, the freedom of speech principles incorporated in the First Amendment and the fair-use defense can be used to refute any liability of copyright infringement. Even though Praying with God is a Christian organization, the First Amendment does not offer Christian organizations any special protection. My biggest concern with the â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† is the very close comparison the character of Larry Podder’s aunt to that of Tammy Faye, a well-known TV Evangelist. If permission was not given for the use of Tammy Faye’s likeness in the video game, the company has committed the tort of unauthorized appropriation, which can lead to a future lawsuit from Tammy Faye herself. If permission has not been granted, the video game needs to be redesign such that Larry Podder’s aunt does not look like Tammy Faye. One of the features built into the â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† video game is that online players can share prayers, sheet music for hymns, and Christian music MP3s. Currently, the file sharing aspects of the game are violating the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The DMCA criminalizes the production and dissemination of technology and services that circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted work such as MP3 music peer-to-peer file sharing. It is against the law to share copyright material without the permission of the copyright owner. If the file sharing in the game is limited to sharing of non-copyrighted sheet music and bible verses, then the game will not be violating the DMCA. In order to avoid legal implications, the game needs to disable the ability to file share copyrighted materials. The game can continue to function as a peer-to-peer network as long as it places a disclaimer on game stating that all users are to comply with copyright laws and the previsions of licensing agreements that apply to the software. The disclaimer will place the liability into the hands of the individuals that are performing the act of copyright infringement. All in all, my final recommendation is that the distribution of the video game â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder† may continue once all of the issues addressed above are fully investigated. The company should prepare  all evidence necessary to prove that the game is a parody of the life of Larry Bakker. The company needs to ensure that they have the permission of Tammy Faye to use her likeness as a character in the video game. If the permission is not granted, the character appearance of the aunt needs to be altered to ensure it does not reflect the likeness of Tammy Faye. Finally, the company shall disable the ability for file sharing of copyrighted material, and add a disclaimer to the game stating that only non-copyrighted materials may be shared. Once all of the facts are gathered and the problems are resolved, the company may continue to distribute â€Å"Praying with Larry Podder†.

Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience

Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience Advertising is the non-personal way of communication of information more frequently than not paid proposed for and usually influential in nature about products, services or ideas by renowned sponsors through the a variety of media. It is a presentation of idea, manufactured goods, or organization, in order to induce persons to approve, buy, or support of it. Advertising is also defined as paid form of any promotion conveyed from side to side an accumulation medium that viewers are more likely in the course of paying attention and consideration in the subject matter of the advertising conceded through their selected medium and it is explained to be part of the marketing mix in the promotional tools. The globalization of competition, saturation of markets, and development of information technology have enhanced customer awareness and created a situation where long-term success is no longer achieved through optimized product price and qualities. Instead, companies build their success on a long-term customer relationship. According to former studies, it can cost as much as six times more to win a new customer than it does to keep an existing one. Hence, the increase and retention of loyal customers has become a key factor for long-term success of the companies. The main emphasis in marketing has shifted from winning new customers to the retention of existing ones The Von Restorff effect was identified by Hedwig von Restorff in 1933. She conducted a set of memory experiments around isolated and distinctive items, concluding that an isolated item, in a list of otherwise similar items, would be better remembered than an item in the same relative position in a list where all items were similar. There can also be a reverse effect here. You remember the unique item, but the attention that it grabs from you is removed from other items thus you may in fact remember less overall. Hedwigs work relates to Gestalt, where she related it to the Figure and Ground principles. Attention is usually captured by salient, novel, surprising, or distinctive stimuli. These may be used to enhance the von Restorff effect. In the attention age, when the plethora of media around us is constantly battling for a moment of our time, advertisers make much use of this principle, each vying with the other to stand out from the crowd and hence be remembered by the target audie nce. The Von Restorff effect is also called the Isolation Effect or the Distinctiveness Principle. The same principle has also been described as prominence effects. Traditionally there are two approaches to treating customer loyalty trough advertising. Some researchers have investigated the nature of different levels of loyalty through retention; others have explored the influence of individual factors on loyalty. In this paper, both treatments are combined to investigate which specific factors in the telecommunication sector influence the loyalty rate of the various customers segmented by loyalty. The potential for establishing loyalty depends on the object (i.e. product or vendor), on the subject (customer) or on the environment (market, other suppliers, etc.). In broader term, for both, customer and manufacturing products firms, a firms ability to distinguish its products as of competitors and to build success brands is critical for achievement. As a consequence, firms may use more on their marketing infrastructure to raise the sales by attracting more consumers to the product group as a whole as healthy as by convincing current consumers to switch their purchases as of competitors products to the firms brand. Moreover, firms by means of strong brand names may be clever to charge best prices based on the additional worth of the brand which would too improve the firms profitability. Therefore, firms that connect in heavy marketing communication activities in advertising may show performance that is improved than those investing less powerfully in marketing infrastructure. In a bigger scenario the advertisement is treated from two viewpoints: as advertisement specialists and customers. Advertisement specialists create decisions incident to preparation, creation and transmission of the advertisement. Customers on the other hand act in response to the advert which advertisement specialists have produced and the presented them. Following incorporating these two perspectives we be able to state that constant communication of advert and customer is experiential in the advertisement procedure. As marketing specialists move particular message to the customers while advertise incredible, the advertisement might be called communication procedure There are several other reasons for a customer to respond absolutely to advertising. Advertising has the apparently magical property that persons whose tastes are most excellent served by a known brand are those most probable to observe an ad intended for that brand. Advertisers decide the media in which they advertise in fraction to maximize the purchase likelihood intended for their brand. In result the producer distributes his advertisements among media so that the communication is seen by persons who are most probable to repeat buy the particular brand. Advertising efficiency depends on users receptivity towards an ad and on their approach towards advertising. For turn out advertisement found out, persons respondents with more positive attitudes towards advertising recalled a higher numeral of advertisements the day exposure. In the internet, it is recurrent that advertising is used with levels of forced contact than only static banners whose level would contrast to print adverti sing of some type. Since higher intrusiveness leads to ad evasion and irritation, a fewer favorable attitude among customers advertising can be supposed. Presumptuous that the overall approach towards internet advertising is fewer favorable than towards print advertising, lower ad reminiscence can be expected. Customer Preference and acceptance in optimistic conditions mean the identical obsession but it is positive to keep the fad in mind with penchant notice to indicate choices between unbiased or valued options with receipt representing a readiness to stand the condition or less desirable options Advertising is an imperative social phenomenon. It stimulates economic activity models, consumption, life-styles and an assured value orientation. Customers are confronted with daily amount of advertising in numerous media. With the constant hit of different marketing media, it is presumable that it will have an effect on society and individualism as a whole. Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages. Advertising may be placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. Companies understand that marketing has an important role in their overall accomplishment. They recognize that if there are any functions near to customers its either Marketing or Sales. Sales develop into a direct interface among products of companies and customers, and on the other hand marketing is an indirect function between company and customers. Most researchers have implicitly assumed that a consumer uses the same criteria to evaluate all brands in a product class in Von Restorff effect. This study views the consumer as a more flexible information processor. The attributes an individual recalls or uses to evaluate a brand in a product class may vary. To some extent, attributes may be influenced by the advertisement the consumer sees for the brand. There has been a strong support for the espousal of consumer retention in as one of the key performance indicators in Von Restorff effect. It has found that there is a high association between customer retention and the profit earn by the industries. The fragmentation of media choices and the active nature of the marketplace, tied with an enlarged number of additional demanding and prosperous consumers, brought bigger challenges to marketing practitioners in keeping hold of their regular customers. An advertisement may provide information about a brand on several attributes. Attention getting services such as bold type and arrows can draw attention to a particular attribute and away from others. Advertisement induced recalls may or may not translate into product use during a subsequent brand evaluation. Marketers have implicitly assumed that people who see advertisements encouraging recall of specific brand attributes will increase their use of that information for brand evaluation. One example of this is using recall of a claim to test advertisement effectiveness. Yet research in social cognition indicates that enhanced recall of an attribute does not necessarily imply increased emphasis on that attribute during a subsequent brand evaluation in Von Restorff effect. In advertising, to get the attention of the packaging is the most important medium of communication because it reaches almost all buyers in the category and is present at the crucial moment when procurement decision is made; and buyers are actively involved with packaging as they examine it to obtain the information they need. A well suited packaging material works as an instrument to differentiate a product from a wide range of other products having similar qualities and helps customers to finalize his buying behavior. It can be claimed that package performs a vital role in marketing connections and can be treated as one of the most major feature to pursue consumers purchase judgment. In this context, seeking to optimize the effectiveness of package in a buying place, the researches of package, its elements and their impact on consumers buying behaviour became a relevant issue. Due to emergent self-service and altering customers standard of living, their life style the awareness in package that includes size, quantity, color, shape as a mechanism of sales advertising and stimulator of spontaneous purchasing behavior is rising more and more. So package carries out an imperative role in advertising communications, in particular in the spot of sale and it is treated as the most significant features influence purchase decision of consumers. Earlier study has shown that there is no agreement on categorization of package basics as well as package impact on purchase decision of consumers. The effects of prominent information in an advertisement may be mediated by several individual and situational factors that may mediate the relationship between prominence in an ad and the evaluative criteria used. Advertisements are read both by consumers who are interested in evaluating the advertised brands (brand processing) and by those who are not (non brand processing). Attribute information in an advertisement may be processed differently under brand processing and under non brand processing conditions. Color is one of the most important non verbal signs. The impact of colors for the marketers through advertisement is very well recognized. When it is about products, it is become aware as one of the foreseeable signs of the whole look of products that also have an impact on the sales success of a product. Nowadays, it is fairly clear that products must not be designed just in order to meet up the functional needs of the customers but at the same time it must be attractive and eye catching as well. That is the main reason design is accentuate as a key marketing element. Conversely, colors do not merely lie in the aesthetics as it is strained that colors have two additional essential functions from a marketing viewpoint. The first use, it is suggested that colors draw attention to themselves by implying that color is the most necessary visual element in advertising. The subsequent purpose of colors that is highlighted is the position of colors as a way of communication. Hence, it is de clared that colors have the skill to express meanings predominantly while it comes to such marketing phenomenon as advertising and packaging. The graphics are any lines, metaphors, symbols, snaps, and text that narrate to the brand name. The most ordinary graphics in advertising are applications of figurative representation and abstract symbolization with the exclusion that make use of design drawings the most. Characteristics of design fundamentals may be grouped as functional and visual elements. Visual include form, text, pictures, colors and decorations and functional elements comprise structural designs (store, protect, reclose and open), material designs (display value and emotional appeal), volume designs (economy). Advertisement must also draw customer attention with visual elements that please consumer psychosomatic desires other than their main functionalities Consumer attitude is a blend of perceptions, values and attitude. The customer must initial distinguish the product and then focus beliefs and values on top of the product and make a choice and then decide to purchase or not. Beliefs are more susceptible to marketing than values for the reason that beliefs are subject matter to emotion and knowledge. Self perceptions of familiarity may affect the individuals use of stored product class knowledge to interpret and integrate new brand information. This approach to familiarity is phenomenological; it focuses on the individuals subjective perceptions rather than on an objectively verifiable reality. There is evidence that self perceptions of familiarity are not equivalent to objective measures of expertise or knowledge and that these self perceptions affect processing. If prominence directs subjects attention to a key attribute, it may direct attention away from other, non prominent attributes in the ad and this may, in turn, decrease recall of non prominent attributes. An individuals evaluation task while viewing an advertisement may affect the processing that occurs during exposure. Brand and non brand tasks may involve different processes, but both may facilitate the use of prominent information. Prominent information may greatly affect processing for those using a brand processing strategy. If prominent aspects of a stimulus are weighted more heavily in evaluations because they receive more attention during exposure, they might be used more by consumers who are focusing on the brand and its attributes-in other words, those processing for brand evaluation. Work in political science has found that people who are interested in politics and must decide for whom to vote are more likely than other people to be affected by the agenda-setting ability of mass media Prominence may direct attention to particular stimuli or to particular aspects of stimuli. Under some circumstances, prominent stimuli may affect evaluations by directing processing. Researchers in political science provide some evidence by examining the agenda-setting role of the media during elections. The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. Numerous empirical studies demonstrate that readers perceptions of issue importance-as measured by self-report rating scales and open-ended elicitations reflect the emphasis these issues have received in the media to which they have been exposed. This does not mean that the media have affected voters priorities; perhaps people seek out media that concentrate on issues they feel are important. In addition to uncertainty about the direction of causal influence, we must also as-certain the strength of the link between issues people say are important and those they actually use to evaluate and elect candidates. Evidence shows that this link may be rather strong. If this is so, the agenda setting function of the media may provide an example of prominence affecting the degree to which some issues affect attitudes although, of course, media effects may also be due to direct arguments asserting that particular issues in news stories are the important ones. Customer satisfaction and retention are the key elements for the planning of the marketing in view of the fact that satisfaction does sway customers intention to re-patronage the restaurant. Therefore, marketers are supposed to look into the issues that would have an effect on customer satisfaction intensity. Besides, as customer prospect are altering over time and it is advised to determine the customer satisfaction and expectation on regular basis and grip complaints timely and effectively. An individuals evaluation task while viewing an advertisement may affect the pro-cessing that occurs during exposure. Brand and non brand tasks may involve different processes, but both may facilitate the use of prominent information. Prominent information may greatly affect processing for those using a brand processing strategy. If prominent aspects of a stimulus are weighted more heavily in evaluations because they receive more attention during exposure, they might be used more by consumers who are focusing on the brand and its attributes-in other words, those processing for brand evaluation. Work in political science has found that people who are interested in politics and must decide for whom to vote are more likely than other people to be affected by the agenda-setting ability of mass media. Prominent information may also greatly affect processing for those using a non brand processing strategy. Someone called upon to evaluate a brand after processing the ad with such a strategy may simply use whatever information about the advertised brand pops into his head first-that is, whatever is most easily recalled. In such a case, if prominence affects the attributes recalled, it may affect the criteria used to form attitudes as under low involvement, advertising influences brand choice by changing the salient attributes of the advertised brand. Self perceptions of familiarity may affect the individuals use of stored product class knowledge to interpret and integrate new brand information. This approach to familiarity is phenomenological; it focuses on the individuals subjective perceptions rather than on an objectively verifiable reality. There is evidence that self-perceptions of familiarity are not equivalent to objective measures of expertise or knowledge and that these self perceptions affect processing. Those who consider themselves familiar with a product (high subjective familiarity) may feel they have stored criteria for brand evaluation. They are aware of their stored product knowledge and may use it to interpret and integrate attribute information presented in an advertisement. In contrast, consumers who consider themselves unfamiliar with a product (low subjective familiarity) may feel they lack stored evaluative criteria. Such consumer may not attempt to use whatever knowledge they do have when presented with da ta about a new brand, feeling that it is useless to try to evaluate such information. Product specific attributes may seem confusing and meaningless; instead, they may use information in the advertisement that is not product-specific. In some cases, they may use information about attributes that are normally used to evaluate objects in a more general class of products to which the unfamiliar product belongs or is related. For example, a consumer who feels s/he doesnt know anything about shaving cream might use attributes appropriate for evaluating toiletries in general-such as scent-or those frequently found useful in evaluating products in general, such as price. In other cases s/he may, consciously or unconsciously, base brand attitude on evaluation of the advertisement itself. Thus self-perceptions of familiarity may affect the use of attribute information in an advertisement, and consumers who consider themselves unfamiliar with a product may be relatively unaffected by prominence. They may find all product-specific attributes too confusing and meaningless to use, regardless of accessibility. In contrast, consumers who consider themselves familiar with a product may be affected by prominence; they may find it easy to integrate a new piece of information with stored data and may have the confidence to do so. If prominence affects the accessibility of this information, it may affect its use by this group. A brands advertising can affect both the brand attributes recalled and those used for subsequent evaluations. In addition, advertisement induced recall due to an attention focusing tactic does not necessarily imply increased emphasis on that attribute during a subsequent brand evaluation. This suggests that it is useful for marketers to distinguish between processing which leads to recall and that which leads to attitude formation. The results imply that availability and use in attitude formation are not equivalent; elicitation procedures may not be appropriate techniques for obtaining the attributes used to evaluate brands. Advertisers must always be on the lookout for new techniques or approaches to adequately disseminate their messages, and brand placement is becoming a more widely used form of communication. This practice has been a standard in the film and television industry and is now making its mark in the video game industry. Traditional media are losing speed, and thus the use of non-traditional media as a form of communication is becoming much more interesting for advertisers. To compete, it is almost becoming a must for advertisers to be present in these new forms of media and entertainment. Young adults are watching television less and less. This phenomenon is due to the emergence of new technologies such as personal video recorders (PVR), leading people to watch their favourite TV channels off line. Once viewers have recorded these programs, they can watch them without any advertising breaks. The audience fragmentation resulting from the emergence of specialized channels has also complicate d the task of any advertisers attempting to reach mass numbers of people. Brand placement is defined as the inclusion, for promotion purposes, of a product, brand or company name within a film or television program content. The objective of this strategy is to increase brand recognition, and ultimately lead to a positive impact on purchase preference or intent. Most research on brand placement has focused on two major themes, namely placement effectiveness with four identified criteria that prominence, clarity, integration within scenario, location on screen. For years advertisers and consumer behaviour researchers have studied the effects of advertisement on recall, attitude, and other evaluations related to the ad and the brand. This includes cognitive responses, such as attention, recall, brand preference, and brand evaluation. These areas of research reflect the growing convictions of many advertisers that consumers liking and disliking of an ad can influence its effectiveness regarding attention, recall, brand evaluations, other cognitive related responses, and reactions. For decision alternatives, consumers consistently acquire product information on product brand attributes available to them. Such information in marketing communications is often conveyed either in numerical and verbal modes or both. Results from past studies on information mode showed that judgments of numerical estimates and verbal expressions vary considerably across subjects. Despite the increasing importance of numerical information in marketing, the marketing and advertising literature is scant on the effects of numerical attribute information on consumer evaluation of products. In addition, research on the relationship between presentation forms and information mode has not been reviewed in the past, despite the growing importance of numerical attribute information and the persuasive nature of vividness in advertising. Hence, the importance of vividness in terms of ad evaluation is of interest. Although the effects of presentation form, vividness, in terms of its persuasive communication has yielded mixed results, this research attempts to examine and discuss the role of vividness and the mode of information used with the inclusion of a moderator, consumer knowledge, as a determinant of how consumers respond to product advertisement. Consumers product knowledge is likely to affect product attribute information evaluations and recall in ways that are not entirely predictable. For example, consumers make judgments and decisions about products and services under conditions of uncertainty and only rarely complete information is available for all important features and benefits of a given product for them to make a decision. Studies have shown that the general interpretation of knowledge depends on individuals currently active knowledge structures. In the knowledge literature, accessibility of attribute information guides the interpretation of that information about the possible relationships among elements of product class. Furthermore, highly accessible attributes related to product information in the ad are likely to guide the encoding of the information. Different consumers use different skills and strategies to evaluate information implying that variables such as individual difference in knowledge may be important moderators in information processing. Individuals might differ in their responses to arguments the message contains, with some people analyzing and reacting to each argument and others reacting mainly to the communications overall point rather than to the argumentation. It is hardly surprising that reactions to communications are highly variable, because individuals differ in disposition and in prior experiences they have had in relationships to the attributes in the ads, product category, and overall presentation contexts in which influence is exerted. This can affect their attitude and responsiveness to advertising. Possibly, a reason attributed to this responsiveness is that a consumers decision-making approach is made via different patterns as they gain knowledge through experience with a product. The moderating effect s of consumer knowledge on processing and evaluation of numerical and verbal product attributes, and their interaction with vivid and non-vivid attribute information in advertising have also, until now, received little attention in the consumer behaviour literature. The effects of vividly presented information, for instance, vivid verbal or vivid numerical in an advertisement in general may be moderated by several individual and situational factors. Effects of advertising have been examined in the past, although, the influence of numerical versus verbal information content in advertising has not been examined. Studies in the area of information mode have primarily compared numerical information to verbal information with respect to information processing, memory, preference, and comparative judgments. Although studies have examined various aspects of advertising message content and format, none of the studies in the literature cited has made an attempt to measure subjects attitude toward to ad, and recall tested for all verbal and all numerical modes. On the other hand, some studies have compared the differences between visual and verbal information and their effects on brand attitude prior to the studies focusing on the comparison of verbal and numerical information. Other researchers have examined the differences between verbal message format and visual formats in terms of their effects on information processing, memory and ev aluations concerning the product. Advertisers are aware that consumers are exposed to numerous amounts of uncertain information and that they must also use this information for making decisions irrespective of just choosing a specific mode of communication. It is therefore reasonable to expect that preferences for a particular mode of information will influence how the information is encoded, retrieved, and then processed during decision-making situations. Online marketing is altering the way advertising is conducted and provides firms with a new lay of capabilities. This is able to be attributed to online advertising no longer seen as an optional component for business, other than a strategic platform. Therefore, businesses should aspire for online marketing to be an integral fraction of the business disadvantaged. The presence and accessibility to a web site is middle to online marketing. Though, as the number of companies exploiting online advertising and the use of explore engine marketing grows, it is flattering more hard for businesses to attract web site traffic The availability heuristic estimates frequency or probability by the ease with which instances or associations could be brought to mind. Some of this may be relatively easy to access, although other information is less accessible. This accessibility or ease of recall is termed as availability. If one can easily retrieve examples from memory, one infers that the event must be fairly frequent or common and/or well rehearsed. In order to make evaluations one needs to recall relevant information from memory. Information that is more available in memory will be utilized more in making the evaluation than information that is not readily available. In the areas of social cognition and evaluative processes the availability of information in memory has been seen to influence estimates and judgments. Accordingly the techniques devised for assessing efficiency tend to be leaning to the way TV advertising is thought to effort. But there is evidence of effective advertising in turn out media like newspaper, magazines, pamphlets , bills also, and this account summarises a small of it . There is to apply more extensively to bills or any print advertising campaigns the disciplines of monitoring next to pre-strong-minded objectives. This applies both to periodical campaigns and too mixed-media campaigns which characteristic magazines as a substantial fraction of the mix. Furthermore in certain compliments the techniques of monitoring and of pre-difficult need to be modified to the distinctive method magazines work, than simply adopting the assumptions applied to TV. The variation in the efficiency of encoding and retention of information will certainly depend on the combined efficiency of a large amount of different complex processes. However, when opportunities arise for recall of the processed information, the availability of the information is emphasized. How then, might such properties and memory efficiency be related to other cognitive abilities? Is comprehension or interpretational ability just one aspect of general learning and memory? The issue of what, if any, relation exists between expertise and the ability to comprehend information for recall and evaluation is a complex one, to which relatively little research attention has been given. The objective is to detect the ability to manipulate information, perceived relations, and extract it from the memory for judgment. Consumers are aware of their stored product knowledge and may use it to integrate a new piece of information and properly retrieve them to interpret attribute information presented in the ad. On the contrary, consumers who are novices may lack the stored evaluative standard, and they may not use whatever knowledge they have when presented with a new piece of information about the product. Th ey may feel it is useless to exert any kind of effort to process and evaluate the new information. Therefore novices use ad specific cues that are not product attribute oriented information because product attribute information may seem confusing and meaningless to them Customer satisfaction is defined as the consumers fulfillment response. Customer satisfaction leads to the customer loyalty so it is necessary to s

Science Essay -- essays research papers fc

For some people science is the supreme form of all knowledge. Is this view reasonable or does it involve a misunderstanding of science or of knowledge? For many persons science is considered the supreme form of all knowledge, as science is based on facts and theories and it reaches its results through an approved scientific method. Consequently, it seems to be objective and thus more truthful and reliable. However, other persons argue that this is a misunderstanding of science. Hence, one should question what science and knowledge entail. Can there actually be some form of knowledge that overrules all other types of human knowledge? Is scientific knowledge actually always objective? Are there other types of knowledge of equal worth? This essay will discuss the views presented mainly using examples from biology and history and comparing them to the different ways of knowing, i.e. perception, reasoning, emotion and language to try and reach a conclusion on whether scientific knowledge really is a higher form of knowledge. Firstly, before attempting to discuss the topic at hand, it is important to define the terms â€Å"knowledge†, â€Å"science† and â€Å"supreme†. According to Webster’s Encyclopaedic Dictionary â€Å"knowledge† is defined as â€Å"the acquaintance with facts, truths, or principles gained by sight, experience, or investigation†1. â€Å"Science† is a branch of knowledge that has purpose to â€Å"describe, explain, understand, investigate, predict, and control†2. The term â€Å"supreme† is defined as â€Å"the highest in rank, authority, and/or quality†3. Now, to put these definitions in context, one must recognise that scientific knowledge, to have the status of the highest in authority and quality, it has to be reliable and consistent with reality. And since scientific knowledge is based upon investigations and observations of the environment around us (i.e. reality), it must be supreme. However, what can be questio ned is the degree of supremacy within different types of sciences, and in this essay the comparison will be limited to one natural science (biology) and one social science (history). Biology could be considered the supreme form of knowledge, as a large proportion of what we know is based upon observations and investigations of the world around us, thus inductive reasoning. Let’s consider the example of organs in living organisms; it’s a scientific fact that most living org... ... our perceptions, way of reasoning, and the language used, thus the scientific knowledge we have created is also subjective. Bibliography Books Abel, Reuben. Man Is the Measure. New York; The Free Press, 1976. Acton, Edward. Rethinking the Russian Revolution. Arnold Publishers, 1990. Pipes, Richard. Den Ryska Revolutionen. Stockholm; Natur och Kultur, 1990. Dictionaries Webster’s Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989, Gramerce Book, New York. 1 Webster’s Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989, Gramerce Book, New York. p. 792. 2 Abel, Reuben. Man Is the Measure. New York; The Free Press, 1976. p. 82 3 Webster’s Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989, Gramerce Book, New York. p. 1430. 4 Pipes, Richard. Den Ryska Revolutionen. Stockholm; Natur och Kultur, 1990. p. 161 5 Acton, Edward. Rethinking the Russian Revolution. Arnold Publishers, 1990. p. 238 6 Abel, Reuben. Man Is the Measure. New York; The Free Press, 1976. p. 82  © Copyright 2005 Cassandra Flavius (FictionPress ID:375156). All rights reserved. Distribution of any kind is prohibited without the written consent of Cassandra Flavius.

My Favourite Book Essay

One of the things that I really love to do is to read. Through reading I have found out so many things about life in all of its aspects. Reading page after page, book by book, I have discovered the world around me, facts about past, present and versions of the future and i have learned so many amazing things. I’ve started reading at the age of eight when The stories from 1001 nights fascinated and captured me completely. It helped me to open my mind to new situations and I understood that the power of creation can change lives. Later, at the age of 10, I was amused by Pacala and Tandala adventures, but my favourite book is Childhood memories. This book contains lots of funny events on which young heart of Ion Creanga he lived and he felt intensely. One of the events and the one that surprised me very much is Pupaza din tei. It describes everyday life that was plagued by hoopoe song and how Nica tried to get rid of it. Another event comic is where Nica goes to the Ozana river even though his mother gave him the child in the care. Nothing prevents to go Ozana and to bathe, but gets his reward from his mother. All these events have made the reading to become an important part of my life and helped me to find out more about me, information about human nature, human art and history, human achievements, anatomy and human mental faculties. I love reading because it helps me to learn. to be creative and offers me new perspectives.

Business Law Practice Questions

Business Law Practice Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE (answers at bottom of page) 1. Paul filed a lawsuit for false imprisonment against Dan’s Bookstore. During a visit to Dan’s Bookstore, Dan stopped Paul as he left the store. Dan accused Paul of stealing a book from the store. After briefly looking into Paul’s shopping bag, Dan determined that Paul did not shoplift. He apologized to Paul and released him. On these facts, Dan will likely: a. b. c. win the case, because the shopkeepers’ privilege statute gives store merchants unconditional immunity (protection) from such lawsuits. lose the case, because Paul did not shoplift. in the case, but only if a court or trier of fact concludes that Dan had reasonable cause to believe Paul may have shoplifted, detained him for a reasonable time, and in a reasonable manner. lose the case, because Dan did not have a warrant. d.2. Bonds wrote McGuire, â€Å"I will sell you my house and lot at 419 West Lombard Street, San Fr ancisco, California for $950,000 payable upon merchantable deed, deal to be completed within 60 days of the date of your acceptance. † Assuming that Bonds’ letter contains terms which are deemed sufficiently certain and definite, which of the following statements is correct? . Bonds’ letter is not an offer unless Bonds intended it to be an offer. b. Bonds’ letter is not an offer unless McGuire thought Bonds intended to make an offer. c. Bonds’ letter is an offer if a reasonable person with full knowledge of the circumstances would be justified in thinking it was intended as an offer.. d. Bonds’ letter is not a offer unless both Bonds and McGuire considered it as an offer. 3. Iverson Jewelers wrote a letter to Miller, â€Å"We have received an exceptionally fine self winding Rolox watch which we will sell to you at a very favorable price. † a. b. c. d.The letter is an offer to sell. A valid offer cannot be made by letter. The letter con tains a valid offer which will terminate within a reasonable time. The letter lacks one of the essential elements of an offer. 4. Don was negligently driving south on Merdock Avenue when his car rear-ended a car driven by Patty. The force of the impact forced Patty to rear-end Terry’s car. In turn, the force of the second impact caused Terry’s car to hit a lamppost, which then fell on a house owned by Paul. The force of the impact scared Paul, causing him to immediately have a heart attack.Paul sues Don for negligence. If Paul recovers, the most likely reason is: a. b. c. d. Paul was able to prove that Don proximately caused Paul’s injuries. Paul was able to prove that the damages he suffered were actually caused by Don. Paul was able to prove that Don breached a duty of due care owed by Don to Paul. Paul was able to prove all of the above (a, b & c). 5. Sammy agreed to sell and Larry agreed to buy Sammy’s car for $400, payable upon delivery. Sammy delive red and left the car with Larry. However, Larry failed to pay Sammy the $400.After eight years had passed following the delivery and acceptance of the car by Larry, Sammy sued Larry in state court for failure to pay him the $400. Based only on the above stated facts, which of the following statement is most accurate? Assume the UCC applies and the statute of limitations for oral contracts is two years and for written contracts is four years. a. No contract was ever created between Sammy and Larry. b. A contract was created but likely not enforceable because the statute of limitations has expired. c. A contract was created, but it is only enforceable if it is in writing. d.A contract was created and is enforceable. 6. Bill purchased a can of Sipep from the Ajax Minimart. After he finished drinking the Sipep, Bill noticed that the can contained dead insects stuck on the inside bottom of the can. In a strict product liability tort action against Ajax, Bill must prove, among other thing s, that: a. b. c. d. Ajax is a merchant selling Sipep. Ajax knew or should have known of the defective condition. Ajax had prior notice of other similar problems with Sipep products. Ajax actually placed the dead insects into the can.7. Under which of the following situations does strict product liability apply? . b. c. d. Sale of a defective and unreasonably dangerous product. Manufacture of a defective and unreasonably dangerous product. Both (a) and (b) are correct. Neither (a) nor (b) are correct. 8. On May 1, Back-Talk Computer Store offerd to sell five (5) computer servers to Gatekeeper Company for $5,000. 00 each, delivery to be on May 30. Later that day (May 1), Gatekeeper responded that it would buy the computers only if they were delivered within three business days. Back-Talk notified Gatekeeper the next day, May 2, that it would not be able to deliver the goods within the time requested by Gatekeeper.Which of the following is true regarding Back-Talk's offer? a. There is no contract between Back-Talk and Gatekeeper. b. Gatekeeper's additional term became part of the contract, so Back-Talk is obligated to deliver the goods within three business days. c. Back-Talk's offer was accepted by Gatekeeper d. Gatekeeper may later accept Back-Talk’s May 1 offer if it is then willing to accept delivery in four weeks. 9. The body of law which establishes rights between persons and provides for redress for violation of those rights is known as: a. b. c. d. Criminal Law. Civil Law.The Uniform Commercial Code. Stare decisis. 10. Donny threw a knife at Sally, intending to injure her severely. However, Donny missed Sally. Sally saw the knife just as it whizzed by her head, missing it by about one inch. As a result, Sally was very scared. Sally sued Donny for assault and battery. Which of the following is most correct? a. b. c. d. Donny will be liable for battery, but not assault. Donny will be liable for assault, but not battery. Donny will be liable for assa ult and for battery. Donny will not be liable for either assault or battery because this is only a criminal matter. 1. In most states the following types of contracts are within the statute of frauds. a. b. c. d. Contracts for the sale of an interest in personal property. Contracts that can be performed within a year from the date of their formation. Contracts for the sale of goods. Contract sfor the sale of goods for a price of $500 or more. 12. On May 1, 2005, Eckerly Realty Inc. mailed a written offer to Masse for the sale of an office building. The offer included an express term that it would expire on June 30, 2005 if the acceptance was not delivered into the hands of the offeror by the expiration date.On June 30, 2005 at 8:00 a. m. , Masse sent a written acceptance to Eckerly via Masse’s personal messenger. However, the messenger was not able to deliver the acceptance until July 1, 2005. On July 2, 2005, Eckerly contacted Masse, informing him that the acceptance had bee n delivered one day late. As a result, Eckerly refused to honor the acceptance. Which of the following is the most correct statement? a. There is no contract between Eckerly and Masse. However, if Masse would have mailed the acceptance on June 30, 2005, a contract would have been created. b. There is a contract between Eckerly and Masse.The moment that Masse gave the acceptance to the messenger, a contract was formed because acceptances are valid immediately upon dispatch. c. There is a contract between Eckerly and Masse. The fact that the acceptance arrived only one day late is of no significance. d. There is no contract between Eckerly and Masse. 13. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the â€Å"reasonable person† standard in tort law? a. The reasonable person standard varies from person to person. b. The reasonable person standard focuses on the defendant’s subjective mental state rather than on the defendant’s behavior. c.A person with a physical disability must act as would a reasonable person with the same disability. d. A person with a mental disability must act as would a person with the same mental disability. 14. Robert makes the following statement while negotiating the sale of his car, â€Å"This is the sharpest car on the market. † His statement may support a claim for: a. b. c. d. misrepresentation. fraud. fraud and misrepresentation. none of the above. 15. Paula rented an apartment to Dave for $500 per month. Paula and Dave signed a one-year lease, to be effective beginning January 1st. After three months, Dave decided that he did not like the apartment.He gave Paula a 30-day written notice, stating that he would vacate the rental unit at the end of the thirty days, which was April 30th. Upon receipt of Dave’s notice, Paula made reasonable efforts to find a new tenant. Nevertheless, the apartment remained vacant from May 1 st. through June 30 th. Paula re-rented the apartment beginning July 1 st. for one year. Paula sues Dave in small claims court. What is the likely outcome? a. Paula is entitled to the balance of the lease, or $4,000, because Dave did not have a valid reason to breach the contract. b. Paula is entitled to nothing, because Dave gave Paula thirty-days written notice. c.Paula is entitled to $1,000, because she tried to find another tenant immediately upon learning of Dave’s intent to breach the contract, but was unable to re-lease the apartment until July 1 st. d. Paula is entitled to $500, which represents one-month’s rent. 16. Tom and Jerry entered into a contract whereby Tom agreed to sell Jerry $1,000 worth of heroin, an illegal substance. This is an example of a: a. b. c. d. quasi contract. void contract. voidable contract. secondary party beneficiary contract. Revised: 01/06 Answers to Business Law Practice Questions 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. b 11. d 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. b